- By late summer 1944, the Allied advance across France had sent the Germans reeling back toward their own borders.
- On September 17, 1944, the Allies launched Operation Market Garden, an ambitious plan to parachute into the Netherlands to cut off Nazi forces, enter Germany, and end the war by Christmas.
- But by September 25, the attack had been defeated, and thousands of British and Polish paratroopers were surrounded and captured or forced to retreat.
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It’s been 75 years since the launch of Operation Market Garden — the World War II mission to secure key bridges across Belgium and the Netherlands while pushing an Allied advance over the Rhine into Germany and ending the war in Europe by Christmas 1944.
Unfortunately, many of Market Garden’s main aims failed, and the Christmas victory was not secured.
That doesn’t mean this brainchild of British Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery was a total failure. It was just slightly more ambitious than the Allies were prepared for. Here’s why.
1. It was actually two operations
AP Photo/British Official Photograph
Market Garden was divided into two sub-operations. The first was “Market,” an airborne assault that would capture the key bridges Allied forces needed to advance on German positions and cross into Germany.
The second was “Garden,” where ground forces actually crossed those bridges and formed on the other side. In the north, the push would circumvent the Siegfried Line, creating the top part of a greater pincer movement of tanks inside Germany’s industrial heartland, as well as a 64-mile bulge in the front line.
Getting there would be slow going.
2. It was the largest airborne operation ever
US Army Signal Corps
The British 1st Airborne Division and Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade were dropped around Oosterbeek to take bridges near Arnhem and Grave.
The US 101st Airborne was dropped near Eindhoven, and the 82nd was dropped near Nijmegen with the aim of taking bridges near there and Grave.
In all, some 34,000 men would be airlifted into combat on the first day, with their equipment and support coming in by glider the next day.
In the days that followed, they would be relieved by Allied troops zooming North to cross the river.
3. The Allies thought the Nazis weren’t going to fight
Isn’t that always what happens in a “surprise” defeat? Underestimating the enemy is always a mistake, no matter what the reason.
In this case, the Allies thought German resistance to the invaders would be minimal because the Nazis were in full retreat mode after the Allies liberated much of occupied France. They were wrong. Hitler saw the retreat as a collapse on the Western Front and recalled one of his best field marshals from retirement, Gerd von Rundstedt. Von Rundstedt quickly reorganized the German forces in the West and moved reinforcements to the areas near key bridges and major cities.
Even though Dutch resistance fighters and their own communications intercepts told the Allies there would be more fighting than planned, they went ahead with the operation anyway.
4. Speed was essential, and the Allies didn’t have it
The surprise of using 34,000-plus paratroopers definitely worked on the German defenders. But still, some attacks did not proceed as planned, and though most bridges were taken, some were not, and some were demolished by their defenders.
The British were forced to engage their targets with half the men required. What’s worse is that the paratrooper’s relief was moving much slower than expected, moving about half of its planned advance on the first day. To make matters worse, British Gen. Sir Brian Horrocks halted his advance on the second day to regroup after assisting in the assault on Nijmegen Bridge.
It was the halt that would keep British troops at Arnhem from getting the forces they needed to be successful and spell the ultimate failure of Market Garden.
5. The British took the brunt of the casualties
Overall, Market Garden cost the Allies between 15,000 and 17,000 killed, captured, or wounded.
The British 1st Airborne Division was the hardest hit, starting the battle with 10,600 men and suffering 1,485 killed and some 6,414 captured. They failed to take and hold the bridge at Arnhem, encountering stiff resistance and reinforcement from the Nazi troops there.
Because of that bridge, the invasion of Nazi Germany over the lower Rhine could not proceed.
6. “Monty” still saw Market Garden as a success
AP Photo
British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery was a steadfast supporter of the operation, even after considering all its operational successes and failures.
Despite the lack of intelligence and overly optimistic planning in terms of the defenders, Montgomery still considered the operation a “90%” success.
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